Searching for the causes of decline in the Dutch population of European Turtle Doves ( <i>Streptopelia turtur</i> )

European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur have experienced a sharp decline in population numbers over past decades. Much uncertainty exists about the main cause or causes. Several pressures been suggested, but because they affect different stages of life cycle Dove, it is difficult to compare their contributions decline. Here we applied full approach study how may resulted This was achieved by combining review existing literature on possible threats, and vital rates concerned, with analysis an age-structured matrix model. The model parameterized using estimates from mark–recapture supplemented rate literature. Comparison Life Table Response Experiment (LTRE) used determine whether Dove focuses those which most important changes taken place time. projected similar that observed counts. LTRE showed declines number clutches (halved since 1960s) juvenile survival (relative annual change –1.33% 1950s) contributed growth rate. Although these are often reported as causes decline, reviewed studies focused specific reproductive stages, such egg nestling survival, did not show large temporal change. Thus, there partial mismatch between our modelling results focus Juvenile thought be affected hunting, degradation wintering habitat infection Trichomonas gallinae, loss foraging seems clutches. conservation measures should therefore threats pressures. first steps already completion international single species action plan for implementation breeding grounds.